在同學(xué)們托福英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的過(guò)程當(dāng)中，都會(huì)遇到一只攔路虎——長(zhǎng)難句，考試也不例外。托福考試模擬了美國(guó)大學(xué)一年級(jí)或二年級(jí)公共課教材的難度，旨在衡量非英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的學(xué)生是否有足夠的能力接受美國(guó)的教育。在當(dāng)中，長(zhǎng)難句的考點(diǎn)是句子簡(jiǎn)化題。長(zhǎng)難句在文章中被突出顯示，要求考生選出一個(gè)最反映原句核心信息的選項(xiàng)。(Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the paragraph? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.)這類(lèi)句子不僅單詞難度高，而且句子結(jié)構(gòu)非常復(fù)雜。要求考生有較好的語(yǔ)法背景或者語(yǔ)感良好。句子簡(jiǎn)化題的長(zhǎng)難句最典型的情況就是對(duì)比對(duì)照，下面我們舉例加以分析。

TPO1-Groundwater

原句：If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as d rops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.

以分號(hào)為界，整個(gè)句子劃分為兩個(gè)層次。兩句中間的But 是重要信號(hào)，明確的告訴我們前后文意相反。

參考譯文：如果小孔很大，水會(huì)以水滴的形式存在，水滴過(guò)重表面張力無(wú)法支撐，從而水會(huì)流走;但是，如果小孔足夠的小，水就會(huì)以薄膜的形式存在，這樣就會(huì)很輕而不會(huì)克服表面張力，從而水會(huì)牢固的留下。

A. Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.

B. Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.

C. Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.

D. If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.

下面我們來(lái)對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，A 選項(xiàng)完全重復(fù)了原句的含義，

A 為正確答案。

B 選項(xiàng)：如果巖石的孔足夠大就會(huì)留下水，而小孔則會(huì)讓水流走。乍一看選項(xiàng)出現(xiàn)了對(duì)比對(duì)照，但是仔細(xì)閱讀后發(fā)現(xiàn)B 的內(nèi)容和原句正好相反，這是托福典型迷惑選項(xiàng)：交叉匹配。

C 選項(xiàng)：大孔和小孔都會(huì)和表面張力發(fā)生作用，從而決定巖石中留下的水是水滴還是薄膜。明顯的篡改，刪除C 選項(xiàng)。

D 在大孔當(dāng)中，如果表面張力太弱無(wú)法留住大水滴，水會(huì)繼續(xù)以薄膜的形式牢牢地附著。D 選項(xiàng)已經(jīng)把原句改的面目全非了。

在長(zhǎng)難句分析中，對(duì)比對(duì)照句句的核心信息就是兩者的不同點(diǎn)，只要抓住了核心特征，句子簡(jiǎn)化題就迎刃而解了。祝同學(xué)們考試順利!