魔方網(wǎng)
2023-07-25 19:56:18來(lái)源：魔方格
(相關(guān)資料圖)
當(dāng)我們看英國(guó)的電影時(shí)，會(huì)不會(huì)對(duì)于這個(gè)國(guó)家的歷史起源感興趣呢?下面是七考網(wǎng)小編帶來(lái)英國(guó)的歷史起源的介紹，歡迎大家閱讀!
(公元前5000年—1066年)
I.Arrival and settlement of the Celts 克爾特人的到來(lái)和定居
Celts were practiced famers. The drained much ofmarshlands and built houses of wood.They wreironworkers, too. Their languages, the Celtslanguages, are the basis of the language which is stillused by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德魯伊教). 克爾特人是有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的農(nóng)民，他們排干沼澤地，用木材建造房屋。他們還打造鐵器。蘇格蘭和威爾士語(yǔ)就是以他們的語(yǔ)言為基礎(chǔ)發(fā)展而來(lái)的。
1 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.
約公元前700年，克爾特人來(lái)到不列顛島。
2The Celts came to Britain in three main waves.
克爾特人來(lái)到不列顛有三次高潮。
The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.
第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來(lái)臨。
The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.
第二次高潮是約公元前400年布列吞人的抵達(dá)。
The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.
第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達(dá)。
II. Roman Invasion 羅馬征服
Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominalconquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.
公元前55到公元前54年，凱撒大帝兩次征服，但只是96年名義上的占領(lǐng)。真正的征服開(kāi)始于公元43年，并持續(xù)了350年。
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements ofthe Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britainonly through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language andculture.
羅馬征服并沒(méi)有真正的征服英吉利，但羅馬人帶去了先進(jìn)的技術(shù)，尤其是公路系統(tǒng)。羅馬人在語(yǔ)言和文化上都沒(méi)能征服當(dāng)?shù)厝耍挥兴麄兊淖诮汤狻ＴS多羅馬教堂拔地而起。
III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871) 盎格魯—撒克遜人
1. Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.
盎格魯—薩克遜時(shí)代(奠定了英國(guó)的基礎(chǔ))
In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain.They were three Teutonic tribes.
五世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼(條頓)部落。
①The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became theKing of Kent in 449.
②Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established theirkingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the6th century.
③In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany andwere to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.These seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia andNorthumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.
居住在日德蘭半島(現(xiàn)丹麥南部)上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。一個(gè)朱特人首領(lǐng)于449年當(dāng)上了國(guó)王。后來(lái)從德國(guó)北部來(lái)的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國(guó)，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。
六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來(lái)自德國(guó)北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來(lái)定居，同時(shí)把他們的族名加諸在英國(guó)人夠上。這七個(gè)主要王國(guó)(肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東英吉利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞)，合稱為七王國(guó)。
2.The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.
最早的盎格魯—撒克遜人改信
__The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared,except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope Gregory I sentSt. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrew's Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen(異教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop ofCanterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but theconversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks inthe north.
盎格魯—撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國(guó)。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛(ài)爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉__外，基督__就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的院長(zhǎng)圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督__元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國(guó)王和貴族皈依基督__，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北方修道們的傳教活動(dòng)。
3.The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.(formation of theEnglish nation)
早期盎格魯—撒克遜人為英國(guó)做出的貢獻(xiàn)。
The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they
①divided the country into shires (which the Normans later called counties), with shire courtsand shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised thenarrow-strip, three-field
②farming system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also
③established the manorial system(莊園制). Finally, they
④created the Witan(council or meeting of the wisemen)to advise the king, the basis of thePrivy Council which still exists today.
盎格魯—撒克遜人構(gòu)筑了英國(guó)的國(guó)家基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國(guó)家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長(zhǎng)官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。其次，他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的窄條三區(qū)輪作制延用至18世紀(jì)。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了咨議會(huì)(賢人會(huì)議)，向國(guó)王提供建議，這就成為了今天尚存的樞密院的前身。
